Instructions for Formatting CPL Articles
Abstract:
Introduction
To ensure that all articles published in the journal have a uniform appearance, authors must produce a PostScript or PDF document that meets the formatting specifications outlined here. The document will be used for both the hardcopy and electronic versions of the journal.
This document briefly describes and illustrates the CPL format. It draws very heavily from an earlier document by Minton et al., (1999). Your article should look as similar as possible to the CPL sample article which can be found at sample.ps. Below we outline the basic specifications, including font sizes, margins, etc. However, the point is to have your articles look similar to the sample, and when in doubt you should use the sample as your guide. Please feel free to contact the editors of CPL if you have any questions.
The remainder of this document is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the style and formatting requirements for CPL papers. Section 3 describes how to obtain the formatting templates that should simplify following the requirements, and Section 4 describes common formatting errors that should be avoided.
Style and Format
Papers must be printed in the single column format as shown in the enclosed sample. Margins should be 1 1/4 inch left and right. Headers should be 1/2 inch from top and footer should be 1 inch from bottom of page. Title should start 1 1/2 inches from the top of the page.
Fonts
You should use Times Roman style fonts. Please be very careful not to use nonstandard or unusual fonts in the paper. Including such fonts will cause problems for many printers.
Headers and Footers should be in 9pt type. The title of the paper should be in 14pt bold type. The abstract title should be in 11pt bold type, and the abstract itself should be in 10pt type. First headings should be in 12 point bold type and second headings should be in 11 point bold type. The text and body of the paper should be in 11 point type.
Title and Authors
The title appears near the top of the first page, centered. Authors' names should appear in designated areas below the title of the paper in twelve point bold type. Authors' affiliations and complete addresses should be in italics, and their electronic addresses should be in small capitals (see sample article).
Abstract
The abstract appears at the beginning of the paper, indented 1/4 of an inch from the left and right margins. The title ``Abstract'' should appear in bold face 11 point type, centered above the body of the abstract. The abstract body should be in 10 point type.
Headings and Sections
When necessary, headings should be used to separate major sections of your paper. First-level headings should be in 12 point bold type and second-level headings should be in 11 point bold type. Do not skip a line between paragraphs. Third-level headings should also be in 11 point bold type. All headings should be capitalized. After a heading, the first sentence should not be indented.
References to sections (as well as figures, tables, theorems and so on), should be capitalized, as in ``In Section 4, we show that...''.
Appendices
Appendices, if included, follow the acknowledgments. Each appendix should be lettered, e.g., ``Appendix A''. If online appendices are submitted, they should not be included in the final manuscript (see below), although they may be referred to in the manuscript. They will be published online in separate files. The online appendices should be numbered and referred to as Online Appendix 1, Online Appendix 2, etc.
Acknowledgements
The acknowledgments section, if included, appears after the main body of the text and is headed ``Acknowledgments.'' The section should not be numbered. This section includes acknowledgments of help from associates and colleagues, financial support, and permission to publish.
Figures and Tables
Figures and tables should be inserted in proper places throughout the text. Do not group them together at the beginning of a page, nor at the bottom of the paper. Number figures sequentially, e.g., Figure 1, and so on.
The figure or table number and the caption should appear under the illustration. Leave a margin of one-quarter inch around the area covered by the figure and caption. Captions, labels, and other text in illustrations must be at least nine-point type.
At present, some types of illustrations in your manuscript may cause problems for some printers/previewers. Although this is gradually becoming less of an issue, we encourage authors to use ``reliable'' programs for producing figures. Before your paper can be accepted, we must verify that all your figures print successfully on our printers and may be viewed with Adobe Acrobat Reader or Ghostview.
Headers and Footers
The first page of your article should include the journal name, volume number, year and page numbers in the upper left corner, the submission date and publication date in the upper right corner, and the copyright notice in the lower left corner. The editor will let you know the volume number, year, pages, submission date and publication date.
On the even numbered pages, the header of the page should be the authors' names. On the odd pages, starting with page 3, the header should be the title of the paper (shortened if necessary, as in the sample).
Page Numbering and Publication Date
Leave the page number starting at one. The Production Editor will change the page numbers according to the actual order of publication, and will insert the proper page numbers in the heading of your article.
For submission dates, please do the following. If the paper was accepted with no revisions the first time just include the submission date (month and year) as the fourth argument to the \jmlrheading command. For example, for a paper submitted February 12, 2005, the fourth argument should be
{2/05}
If your paper was returned for revisions, please insert the original date of submission followed by the text "; Revised " and then the date the revision was submitted, like this (for a paper originally submitted Feb, 2005 and resubmitted in April of 2005):
{2/05; Revised 4/05}
You may leave the publication date (the fifth argument to \jmlrheading) blank and it will be filled in by the Production Editor.
Footnotes
We encourage authors to use footnotes sparingly, especially since they may be difficult to read online. Footnotes should be numbered sequentially and should appear at the bottom of the page, as shown below.1
References
The reference section should be labeled ``References'' and should
appear at the end of the paper in natbib format. A sample list
of references is given in Appendix A. Poorly prepared, incomplete or
sloppy references reflect badly on the quality of your scholarship.
Please prepare complete and accurate citations.
Citations within the text should include the author's last name and year, for example (Cheeseman, 1992). Append lower-case letters to the year in cases of ambiguity, as in (Cheeseman, 1993a). Multiple authors should be treated as follows: (Cheeseman & Englemore 1988) or (Englemore, Cheeseman & Buchanan, 1992). In the case of three or more authors, the citation can be shortened by referring only the first author, followed by ``et al.'', as in (Clancey et al., 1991). Multiple citations should be separated by a semi-colon, as in (Cheeseman, 1993a; Buntine, 1992). If two works have the same author or authors, the appropriate format is as follows: (Drummond 1990, 1991).
If the authors' names are mentioned in the text, the citation need only refer to the year, as in ``Cheeseman and Englemore (1988) showed that...''.
In general, you shouldn't have parenthetical statements embedded in parenthetical statements. Therefore, citations within parenthetical statements should not be embedded in parentheses. Use commas as separators instead. For instance, rather than ``(as shown by Bresina (1992))'' you should write ``(as shown by Bresina, 1992)''. Similarly, ``(e.g., (Bresina, 1992))'' should be ``(e.g., Bresina, 1992). Note that the natbib style file supports the inclusion of prefixes in citations.
Formatting Templates
To ready your work for publication, please typeset it using software such LATEX that produces PostScript or PDF output (LATEX is preferred.) A LATEX style file is available at cpl2e.sty or from the editor. We hope to eventually have macros/samples for other document preparation systems as well. We recommend working from the LATEX source of the sample article (at sample.tex), which has been annotated to simplify use of the macros in the style file. If you must use a document preparation system other than LATEX, please discuss this with the editor prior to submitting your final document. If you do not have the software necessary to produce acceptable PostScript or PDF files, the editor will recommend a professional service for formatting your article. (Authors will be responsible for paying for this service).
Using cpl2e.sty
The LATEX source for the sample paper details the use of most of the macros in cpl2e; we describe a few of the macros here for illustration.
The paper should begin with a specification of the document class and
CPL style file:
\documentclass[twoside,11pt]{article}
\usepackage{cpl2e}
The following command can be used in the LaTex version of your
paper to set the first page header:
\cplheading{1}{2000}{1-48}{4/00}{10/00}{author list} # dates/pages from editor
To set your title and authors for headings:
\ShortHeadings{short title}{short authors}
For example:
\ShortHeadings{Minimizing Conflicts}{Minton et al.}
To set your page numbers:
\firstpageno{?} the pagenumber you are assigned to start with by the editor.
Authors are specified with the ``author'' macro:
\author{\name Author One \email author-one-email\\
\addr Author One address line one\\
Author One address line two\\
Author One address line three...
\AND
\name Author Two \email author-two-email\\
\addr Author Two address line one\\
Author Two address line two\\
Author Two address line three...}
If multiple authors share an affiliation, it may be appended to the group by specifying:
\author{\name Author One \email author-one-email\\
\name Author Two \email author-two-email\\
\addr Authors' address line one\\
Authors' address line two\\
Authors' address line three...}
Citations using natbib
The recommended citation style file, natbib, is included in cpl2e.sty. It supports the citation styles described in Section 2.7 with macros such as\citep{}
and \citet{}. The basic uses of \citep{}
and \citet{} are as follows:
\citet{jon90} |
=> | Jones et al. (1990) |
\citet[chap.~2]{jon90} |
=> | Jones et al. (1990, chap. 2) |
\citep{jon90} |
=> | (Jones et al., 1990) |
\citep[chap.~2]{jon90} |
=> | (Jones et al., 1990, chap. 2) |
\citep[see][]{jon90} |
=> | (see Jones et al., 1990) |
\citep[see][chap.~2]{jon90} |
=> | (see Jones et al., 1990, chap. 2) |
\citet*{jon90} |
=> | Jones, Baker, and Williams (1990) |
\citep*{jon90} |
=> | (Jones, Baker, and Williams, 1990) |
For details on making citations with natbib macros, see the natbib documentation Daly97.
Avoiding Common Errors
As we do the final editing passes on CPL papers, we find a fairly consistent set of problems repeated over and over. Here's a list of them. CPL won't enforce conformity with these rules, but it would certainly please the editors if you followed them.
Dashes
Dashes should be used--with care--to set off interjections in a sentence. They should be long and there should not be spaces between them and the preceding and following words. Thus, in LaTeX, the input should look like this:
Dashes should be used---with care---to set off ...
Lower case names
The names of fields, algorithms, methods, etc., should be in lower case: operations research, flow algorithm, arc consistency. Exceptions are when they are in names of organizational entities, like Operations Research Department, or when they include proper names, such as Gaussian elimination or Boolean constraints.
Latin abbrevs.
Scientists seem to like to use the Latin abbreviations i.e. and e.g. First, I'd like to encourage you to try to do without them. If you can't, then use the English equivalents (``that is'' instead of i.e. and ``for example'' instead of e.g.) If you really love the Latin (then you're a Latin lover?) you should at least do it right. There should be a period after each letter (because they're abbreviations), and there should be a comma after the expression. If you're addicted to these things, I encourage you to define and use LaTeX macros like
\newcommand{\ie}{i.e.}
Equation numbers
Only number equations that are actually referred to later in the text.
Citations
Citations are not nouns. It is not correct to say ``Using the method of (Smith, 1999), we ...'' Instead, say ``Using the method of Smith (1999), we ...'' or ``Using the method of partial discombobulation (Smith, 1999), we ....''. See the section on references (Section 2.7) for more details on correct and incorrect citation forms.
Punctuate math
Sentences with mathematical statements in them are still sentences, subject to the usual rules of grammar and punctuation. As Knuth et al.,(1989) say,2 you should test this by reading out your paper with things like ``snort'' and ``grunt'' substituted in for the mathematics and listening to see whether it's grammatically correct.Never put a footnote directly after a mathematical expression; it is too easily confused with an exponent.
Hyphenating compound nouns
When you have a long string of nouns together, they often need hyphenation to make the meaning clear (and to make your editor happy). Here are some examples of correct expressions:- reinforcement learning
- reinforcement-learning algorithm
- delayed-reinforcement learning (learning from delayed reinforcement)
- delayed reinforcement learning (reinforcement learning that is delayed)
Don't use ``utilize.''
Don't start a section with a subsection
A section heading should never immediately follow another section heading without intervening text. So don't do this:
5. Experimental Results
5.1 Results on a Simulated Domain
Instead, do this:
5. Experimental Results
In this section, we first describe blah, blah, blah...
5.1 Results on a Simulated Domain
Appendix A: Natbib Reference Examples
The following formatting examples are intended to be illustrative, not exhaustive. If you are uncertain about the proper format for a reference, please contact the CPL editors.
- Book
Dynamic Programming.
Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1957.- Edited Book
Studies in Mathematical Learning Theory.
Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1959.- Journal Article
Learning from noisy examples.
Machine Learning, 2(4):-370, 1988.- Proceedings Paper
Strategy learning with multilayer connectionist representations.
In Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Machine Learning, pages 103-114, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1987.- Technical Report
Connectionist learning for control.
Technical Report 89-89, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 1989.- Dissertation or Thesis
Algorithms for Sequential Decision Making.
PhD thesis, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 1996.- Forthcoming Publication
Statistical aspects of logic-based machine learning.
ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, forthcoming.
Bibliography
Footnotes
- ... below.1
- A footnote should appear like this. Please ensure that your footnotes are complete, fully punctuated sentences.
- ... say,2
- I recommend this book highly to anyone who likes to think about technical writing. While we're on the subject, I also highly recommend the (sadly, out of print) Handbook for Scholars by Mary-Claire van Leunen (1992).
